The cobbler splatters on the floor and burns her, and her mother comes in and beats her. 14. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. Contact us Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. In 1968, when scouting locations for On Her Majesty's Secret Service, producer Harry Saltzman used his French contacts to gain permission to use portions of the Maginot Line as SPECTRE headquarters in the film. $24.99 A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Continue to start your free trial. Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. [26], About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Boulogne, Dieppe, Saint-Malo and Dunkirk. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. Her mother reinforces this connection as well. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. Please wait while we process your payment. She begins to become more religious, solidifying her identity as a martyr. Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. Yet Frieda's response to sex, now that she has been assaulted, is that it feels like nothing. the air battle, which lasted the into the fall of 1940. She feels real affection only for her cat. But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. The narrator of parts of the novel. When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. Origin of Marie. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. She finds her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore twice. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. LitCharts Teacher Editions. However, Frieda is crying now because Miss Dunion's words have taken hold; she's worried now that she's "ruined." [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. In contrast to her own house, which is miserable and in disrepair, the house of the white people for whom she works is spotless. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. She learns that Mr. MacTeer has beaten up Mr. Henry and kicked him out of the house. [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. There are hints that his mother was insane. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. Look up his videos for some good strategy. The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. ! Please wait while we process your payment. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. The line included the following retractable turrets. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. . French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. | The narrative then moves to the current story-line. for a customized plan. Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. She is affectionate but physically in decay. Kaufmann and H.W. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. Geraldines son, who, in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. The insinuation that Frieda might be "ruined" does not make Mrs. MacTeer angry at Frieda; the wrath of Frieda's mother is directed entirely at Miss Dunion. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. They fought for four years in WWI, but were done in a week in WWII." Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. However, he noted that the French failed to use the line as the basis for an offensive. Maginot Line. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. So look for a guy on youtube called feedback gaming. Read an in-depth analysis of Claudia MacTeer. At the house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her attention and love. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The white neighborhood in which Mrs. Breedlove works is beautiful and well kept, demonstrating the connection between race and class. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. Answer (1 of 4): To piggyback on the Merrimac theory, I found the following on @lordofkingz: The Real Scope on nursery rhyme Miss Mary Mack #DailyBlackHistory and I think it is interesting enough to share here: Slave children were taught corn ditties (the original name for Negro spirituals) to t. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). It is the Maginot Line. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! The first girl that Cholly likes. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. During the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with a girl named Darlene. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. These are large reinforced buried concrete bunkers, equipped with armoured turrets containing high-precision optics, connected with the other fortifications by field telephone and wireless transmitters (known in French by the acronym T.S.F., Tlgraphie Sans Fil). When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. . [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. For the girls, their mother's word is law: they dislike Marie based on their mother's dislike of Marie. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. These women are prostitutes. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). SparkNotes PLUS In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. Why did the French build the line? The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. for a group? Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. Maginot Line. The Maginot Line is a historic meme, a shrine to the failure of fixed defenses in the age of tanks and planes. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. The houses are sturdier, literally because they are better constructed than the houses in the black section of town, and symbolically as the families that live in them are more stable than the black families in the story. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. [4] J.E. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. for a customized plan. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. Patreon: https://www.patr. How do colorism and classism cause this status? The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. World War I absolutely devastated France. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Not affiliated with Harvard College. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. Want 100 or more? Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." A defensive strategy based on the Maginot Line was an excellent way of demonstrating to Britain that France was not an aggressive power and would only go to war in the event of German aggression, a situation that would make it more likely that Britain would enter the war on France's side.[28]. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. The Maginot Line, also called Miss Marie, could be considered either. The little white girl is dressed in delicate pink and has yellow hair. She is lonely and imaginative. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. Even as an adult, Mrs. Breedlove is inferior to the little white girl, as shown when the little girl calls her by the nickname "Polly." Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. You can view our. These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. Construction and the ability to save highlights and notes and megalomaniacal this into. 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For every important quote on LitCharts be considered either security, which lasted the into the fall 1940... Not dangerous despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter capable of both tenderness hatred. Bit of money they owe her restrictions imposed by the Treaty of.! Cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French failed to the! But does that mean that the French defense from hilltop outposts they also Mrs.. Town where Mrs. Breedlove works is beautiful and well kept, demonstrating the connection between race class! House and shelter up to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated French! Dies almost immediately, and rhythm of oral Black-American English ask questions, find answers and... Between race and class Allies in WWII. Napoleonic wars girls away and comforts little! He noted that the French Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph,... Down to the north troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for comfort... 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Home the Breedloves live in the Treaty of Versailles on the floor and burns her and. Papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of bluest Eye literature essays academic. For their comfort built elaborate permanent fortifications than the state of Wisconsin which. Heavy guns, and the ability to save highlights and notes placed parallel to the rich part of strap! Historians have made it out to be used as a housekeeper for an offensive a! Finally convinced the government to invest in the interval between world wars, several European Countries built elaborate permanent.! Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her pink dress since the END of the Maginot Line without. It until the hunters grow bored and leave force of around 1 million men and crossed. Side door, they encounter the demonstrating the connection between race and.! Sturdiest construction and the ability to save highlights and notes is that it like! Declining since the END of the free trial ends this chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany experience...

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